Darshanas
A traditional classification divides Indian philosophy into orthodox (āstika) and heterodox (nāstika) schools of philosophy, depending on whether it believes the Vedas as a valid source of knowledge. There are 5 major heterodox (nastika) schools— Jain, Buddhist, Ajivika, Ajñana, and Charvaka which denies the Vedas as valid source of knowledge.
There are six major schools of orthodox (astika) Indian Hindu philosophy (shad-darśana) — Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta which believe the Vedas as ultimate valid source of knowledge.
Ancient and medieval Hindu texts identify six pramāṇas (Epistemology) as correct means of accurate knowledge and truths- one Pratyakṣa (Direct perception) and five Apratyakṣa (Indirect perception), i.e. (1) Anumāṇa - Inference or indirect perception, (2) Upamāṇa - Comparison and analogy, (3) Arthāpatti - Postulation, derivation from circumstances, (4) Anupalabdi - Non-perception, absence of proof, (5) Shabda - Word, testimony of past or present reliable experts. The focus of pramāṇa is how correct knowledge can be acquired, how one knows, how one doesn't, and to what extent knowledge pertinent about someone or something can be acquired.
If you are new to Hindu Philosophy, then you should read the classification of Sacred Texts of Hinduism FIRST! Read HERE!
Published Books on: Darshanas
The following books are already published in this site for free access! We are working on the remaining books to make them available on our site soon.
Available Books on: Darshanas
Nyaya School
- The Nyāya Sūtras by Akṣapāda Gautama
- Commentary by Vātsyāyana (3rd Centrury CE)
- Commentary by Uddyotakara (c. 6th century CE)
- Commentary by Jayanta Bhatta (c. 9th Century CE)
- Commentary by Vācaspati Miśra (c. 9th Century CE)
- Commentary by Bhāsarvajña (c. 9th Century CE)
- Commentary by Udayana (c. 10th Century CE)
- Commentary by Gaṅgeśa Upādhyāya (c. 14th Century CE)
- Commentary by Vardhamāna Upādhyāya
- Commentary by Pakṣadhara Miśra
- Commentary by Vāsudeva Sārvabhauma
- Commentary by GPadmanābha Miśra
- Commentary by Raghunātha Śiromaṇi (c. 15th Century CE)
- Commentary by anakinath Bhattacharya
- Commentary by Kanad Tarkavagish
- Commentary by Rambhadra Sārvabhauma
- Commentary by Haridas Bhattacharya
- Commentary by Mathuranath Tarkavagish
- Commentary by Jagadish Tarkalankar
- Commentary by Jaygopal Tarkalankar (c. 18th Century CE)
- Commentary by Gadadhar Bhattacharya
- Commentary by Annaṁbhaṭṭa (c. 18th Century CE)
- Commentary by Viśvanātha
- Commentary by Radhamohan Vidyavachaspati Goswami
- Commentary by Kalishankar Siddhantavagish (c. 18th Century CE)
- Commentary by Golaknath Nyayaratna (c. 19th Century CE)
Vaisheshika School
- Vaiśeṣika Sūtra by Kaṇāḍa (1st century CE)
- Padārthadharmasaṁgraha by Praśastapāda (c. 4th century CE)
- Daśapadārthaśāstra by Candra (c. 7th century CE)
- Vyomavatī by Vyomaśiva (c. 8th century CE)
- Nyāyakandalī by Śridhara (c. 10th century CE)
- Kiranāvali by Udayana (c. 10th century CE)
- Līlāvatī by Śrivatsa (c. 11th century CE)
- Saptapadārthī by Śivāditya (c. 11th century CE)
- Commentary by Śaṅkara-Misra (c. 15th century CE)
- Commentary by Chandrakānta (c. 19th century CE)
Samkhya School
- Sāṅkhya Sūtra by Kapila (c. 5th century BCE)
- Sāṅkhya Kārikā by Īśvarakṛṣna (c. 4th century CE)
- Commentary by Gauḍapāda (c. 6th century CE)
- Jaya-Maṅgalā by Śaṅkarācārya (not Adi Shankara) (c. 6th century CE)
- Yukti-dīpikā by Rājāna (c. 7th century CE)
- Sāṅkhya-Tattva-Kaumudī by Vācaspati Miśra (c. 10th century CE)
- Sarvadarsanasangraha (c. 13th century CE)
- Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra (c. 14th century CE)
- Sāṁkhyasūtravṛtti by Anirruddha (c. 15th century CE)
- Sāṅkhya-Pravacana-Bhāṣya by Vijñāna Bhikṣu (c. 16th century CE)
- vṛttisāra by Mahādeva (c. 17th century CE)
- Laghu-sāṁkhya-sūtra-vṛtti by Nāgeśa (c. 17th century CE)
Yoga School
- Yoga Sūtra by Patañjali (c. 3rd century CE)
- Vivekachudamani
- Commentary by Vyāsa (c. 4th century CE)
- Commentary by Śaṅkara (c. 8th century CE)
- Tattvavai Śāradī by Vācaspati Miśra (c. 8th century CE)
- Yogavārttika by Vijñānabhikṣu (c. 15th century CE)
- Yogamaṇiprabhā by Rāmānanda Sarasvatī (c. 16th century CE)
- Bhāsvatī by Hariharānanda Āraṇya
Mīmāṃsā School
- Mīmāṃsā Sūtra by Jaimini (c. 4th century BCE)
- Commentary by Śābara (c. 6th century CE)
- Commentary by Kumārila (c. 7th century CE)
- Commentary by Prabhākara (c. 7th century CE)
- Commentary by Manḍana Miśra (c. 8th century CE)
- Nyāyaratnākara by Pārthasarathi Miśra (c. 13th century CE)
Vedanta School
- Brahma Sūtras (Vedānta Sūtras) by Bādarāyana (c. 1th century CE)
- Commentary by Śaṅkara (Advaita) (c. 8th century CE)
- Commentary by Rāmānuja (Viśiṣṭādvaita) (c. 12th century CE)
- Commentary by Madhva (Dvaita) (c. 13th century CE)
- Commentary by Nimbārka (c. 13th century CE)
- Commentary by Śrkaṇṭha (c. 15th century CE)
- Commentary by Vallabha (c. 16th century CE)
- Commentary by Baladeva (c. 18th century CE)
- Advaita - Mandukya Kārikā by Gaudapāda (c. 5th century CE)
- Advaita - Panchapadika by Padmapāda (c. 8th century CE)
- Advaita - Naiṣkarmya Siddhi by Sureśvara (c. 8th century CE)
- Advaita - Brahmasiddhi by Mandana Miśra (c. 8th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Vacaspati Miśra’s (c. 9th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary of Padmapāda’s Pancapadika by Prakashatman’s (c. 10th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Prakāsātman (c. 10th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Vimuktātman (c. 10th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Sarvajñātman (c. 10th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Śrī Harṣa (c. 12th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Citsukha (c. 12th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by ānandagiri (c. 13th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Amalānandā (c. 13th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Vidyāraņya (c. 14th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Śaṅkarānandā (c. 14th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Sadānandā (c. 14th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Prakāṣānanda (c. 16th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Nṛsiṁhāśrama (c. 16th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Madhusūdhana Sarasvati (c. 17th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary of Dharmarāja Advarindra (c. 17th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Appaya Dīkśita (c. 17th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Sadaśiva Brahmendra (c. 18th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Candraśekhara Bhārati (c. 20th century CE)
- Advaita - Commentary by Sacchidānandendra Saraswati (c. 20th century CE)
- Bhedabheda - Commentary by Caitanya (c. 15th century CE)
- Bhedabheda - Commentary by Bhāskara (c. 9th century CE)
- Bhedabheda - Commentary by Yādavaprakāśa (c. 17th century CE)
- Bhedabheda - Commentary by Yādavaprakāśa (c. 17th century CE)
- Bhedabheda - Commentary by Vijñānabhikṣu (c. 16th century CE)
- Vishishtadvaita - Commentary by Nathamuni (c. 9th century CE)
- Vishishtadvaita - Commentary by Yamuna
- Vishishtadvaita - Commentary by Swaminarayan
- Dvaita - Commentary by Padmanabha Tirtha
- Dvaita - Commentary by Vadiraja Theertha
- Dvaita - Commentary by Narayana Panditacharya
- Dvaita - Commentary by Trivikrama Panditacharya
- Dvaita - Commentary by Jayatirtha
- Dvaita - Commentary by Vyasatirtha
- Dvaita - Commentary by Sripadaraja
- Dvaita - Commentary by Raghavendra Swami
- Dvaita - Commentary by Raghuttama Tirtha
- Dvaita - Commentary by Satyanatha Tirtha
- Dvaita - Commentary by Purandara Dasa
- Dvaita - Commentary by Kanaka Dasa
- Dvaita - Commentary by Satyapriya Tirtha
- Dvaita - Commentary by Satyadharma Tirtha
- Dvaita - Commentary by Satyadhyana Tirtha